Global Sourcebook for International Data Management

Explanation of the terms endonym and exonym here . Return to exonyms summary page here

More information about these places is to be found in the country chapters. For technical reasons, all alternative place name versions in the lists below have been labelled as "exonyms", even though it may be a local-language alternative form.

Alternate place name forms/postal code tables can be acquired at http://www.grcdi.nl/settlements.htm External

Other language place name data can be acquired at http://www.grcdi.nl/otherlanguageplace.htm External

Exonyms in English

	Endonym/Exonym English
Exonyms in Albania	Tiranë → Tirana
Exonyms in Algeria	Al-Jazā’ir or الجزائر‎ → Alger Ouahran or وهران → Oran Qacentina or قسنطينة → Constantine
Exonyms in Austria	Wien → Vienna
Exonyms in Azerbaijan	Bakı → Baku Gɘncɘ → Ganja
Exonyms in Bahrain	Al Manāmah or المنامة‎ → Manama
Exonyms in Bangladesh	Dhaka or ঢাকা → Dacca
Exonyms in Belgium	Antwerpen → Antwerp Brugge → Bruges Bruxelles/Brussel → Brussels Gent → Ghent Ieper → Ypres Kortrijk → Courtrai Leuven → Louvain Mechelen → Malines Menen → Menin Oostende → Ostend Vilvoorde → Filford Zeebrugge → Zeebruges
Exonyms in Brazil	Brasília → Brasilia São Paulo → Sao Paulo
Exonyms in Bulgaria	София or Sofiya → Sofia
Exonyms in Chad	N’Djamena or نجامينا‎ → Fort Lamy
Exonyms in China	Guangzhou or 广州市 → Canton Nanjing or 南京 → Nanking
Exonyms in Colombia	Bogotá → Bogota Medellín → Medellin
Exonyms in Cuba	La Habana → Havana
Exonyms in Cyprus	Lefkosia or Λευκωσία → Nicosia Lemesos or Λεμεσός → Limmasol Pafos or Πάφος → Paphos
Exonyms in Czechia / the Czech Republic	České Budějovice → Budweis Český Krumlov → Crumlaw Plzeň → Pilsen Praha → Prague
Exonyms in Denmark	Helsingør → Elsinore København → Copenhagen
Exonyms in Egypt	Waset → Thebes اسكندرية or El Iskandarîya → Alexandria أسوان or Aswân → Aswan الأقصر‎ or El Uqsur → Luxor الجيزة or El Gîza → Giza السويس‎ or El Suweis → Suez الفيوم‎ or El Fayyūm → Faiyum القاهرة or El Qâhira → Cairo القصير‎ or El-Osēr → Qusayr المنصورة‎ or El-Mansūra → Mansoura المنيا‎ or Al-Minya → Minya بورسعيد or Borsaʿīd or Bûr Saîd → Port Said دسوق‎ or Disūq → Desouk دمياط or Dumyât → Damietta كفر الشيخ‎ or Kafr el Šēk → Kafr el-Sheikh
Exonyms in Eritrea	ኣስመራ or Asmera → Asmara
Exonyms in Ethiopia	Addis Abeba or አዲስ አበባ → Addis Ababa
Exonyms in France	Dunkerque → Dunkirk
Exonyms in Germany	Aachen → Aix-la-Chappelle Blindheim → Blenheim Braunschweig → Brunswick Frankfurt am Main → Frankfurt Hameln → Hamelin Hannover → Hanover Jülich → Juliers Kassel → Cassel Kleve → Cleves Koblenz → Coblenz Köln → Cologne Konstanz → Constance München → Munich Nürnberg → Nuremberg
Exonyms in Greece	Athínai or Αθήνα → Athens Iráklion or Ηράκλειο → Candia Kérkira or Κέρκυρα → Corfu Khalkís or Χαλκίς → Chalcis Khaniá or Χανιά → Canea Kórinthos or Κόρινθος → Corinth Patrai or Πάτρα → Patrae Piraiévs or Πειραιεύς → Piræus Ródos or Ρόδος → Rhodes Sparti or Σπάρτη → Sparta Thessaloníki or Θεσσαλονίκη → Salonica
Exonyms in Greenland	Kangerlussuaq → Sondrestrom Pituffik or Uummanaq → Thule Air Base
Exonyms in Guatemala	Ciudad de Guatemala → Guatemala City
Exonyms in India	Alappuzha or ആലപ്പുഴ → Aleppey Aluva or ആലുവ → Alwaye Bengalooru or Bengaluru or ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು → Bangalore Chennai or சென்னை → Madras Kannur or कण्णूर or കണ്ണൂർ → Cannanore Kochi or കൊച്ചി → Cochin Kolkata or কলকাতা → Calcutta Kollam or കൊല്ലം or ക്വയ്ലോണ്‍ → Quilon Kozhikode or കോഴിക്കോട് → Calicut Mangalooru or ಮಂಗಳೂರು → Mangalore Mumbai or मुंबई → Bombay Puna → Poona Shimla or शिमला or ਸ਼ਿਮਲਾ → Simla Thiruvanthapuram or തിരുവനന്തപുരം → Trivandrum Thrissur or തൃശ്ശൂർ → Trichur
Exonyms in Iran	Tehran or تهران → Teheran or Tehran
Exonyms in Iraq	Al-Başrah or البصرة‎ → Basra Al-Mawsil or الموصل → Mossul or Mosul Al-Mawsil or الموصل → Mosul
Exonyms in Israel	Akko or עַכּוֹ or عكّا‎‎ → Acre Nazerat Illit or נָצְרַת עִלִּית or الناصرة العليا‎‎ → Nazareth Teverya or טְבֶרְיָה or طبرية‎‎ → Tiberias Yafo or יָפוֹ or يَافَا → Jaffa Yerushalayim or יְרוּשָׁלַיִם or القُدس‎ → Jerusalem
Exonyms in Italy	Bologna → Bologne Firenze → Florence Genova → Genoa Livorno → Leghorn Mantova → Mantua Milano → Milan Napoli → Naples Padova → Padua Roma → Rome Siena → Sienna Siracusa → Syracuse Torino → Turin Venezia → Venice
Exonyms in Jordan	الزرقاء or Az-Zarqā → Zarqa عمّان or Ammān → Amman
Exonyms in Kazakhstan	Almatı or Алматы → Almaty
Exonyms in Kuwait	Al Kuwayt or مدينة الكويت → Kuwait
Exonyms in Kyrgyzstan	Bichkek or Бишкéк → Bishkek
Exonyms in Lebanon	Beyrut or بيروت‎ → Beirut Şaydā or صيدون‎ → Sidon Şūr or صور → Tyre
Exonyms in Libya	Benghāzi or بنغازي‎ → Benghazi Marsá Susah → Apollonia Shahhāt or شحات → Cyrene Tarābulus or طرابلس → Tripoli Ţubruq or طبرق → Tobruk
Exonyms in Luxembourg	Lëtzebuerg → Luxembourg
Exonyms in Malta	Birgu → Vittoriosa Bormla → Cospicua Għajnsielem → Kemmuna Rabat → Victoria Raħal Ġdid → Paola San Ġiljan → Saint Julian’s San Ġwann → Saint John San Lawrenz → Saint Lawrence San Pawl Il-Baħar → Saint Paul’s Bay Wied Il-Għajn → Marsascala or Marsaskala
Exonyms in Mexico	Ciudad de México → Mexico City
Exonyms in Morocco	Ar-Rabāt or الرباط → Rabat Ed-Dar el-Bida or الدار البيضاء → Casablanca
Exonyms in Myanmar	Yangon or ရန်ကုန် → Rangoon
Exonyms in Netherlands	’s-Gravenhage → The Hague Alphen aan den Rijn → Alphen-on-the-Rhine Brielle → Brill Den Helder → The Helder Dordrecht → Dort or Dordt Haarlem → Harlem Hoek van Holland → The Hook of Holland Leiden → Leyden Rijswijk → Ryswick Roosendaal → Rosendale Sluis → Sluys Vlissingen → Flushing
Exonyms in North Korea	P’yongyang or 평양 → Pyongyang
Exonyms in Northern Cyprus	Mağusa or Gazimağusa → Famagusta
Exonyms in Oman	Musqaţ or مسقط → Muscat
Exonyms in Poland	Gdańsk → Danzig Kraków → Crakow Oświęcim → Auschwitz Szczecin → Stettin Warszawa → Warsaw Wrocław → Breslau
Exonyms in Portugal	Bragança → Braganza Lisboa → Lisbon Porto → Oporto
Exonyms in Qatar	الدوحة‎‎ or Ad Dawhah → Doha
Exonyms in Romania	Bucureşti → Bucharest
Exonyms in Russia	Arhangelsk or Арха́нгельск → Archangel Moskva or Москва → Moscow Rostov-na-Donu or Росто́в-на-Дону́ → Rostov on Don Sankt Petersburg or Санкт-Петербург → Saint Petersburg
Exonyms in Saudi Arabia	Al Madinah or المدينة المنورة‎ → Medina Ar Riyād or الرياض‎ → Riyadh Az Zahrān or الظهران → Dhahran Jiddah‎ or جدة‎ → Jeddah Makkah or مكة → Mecca
Exonyms in Serbia	Beograd or Београд → Belgrade
Exonyms in Spain	Cádiz → Cadiz Córdoba → Cordoba Málaga → Malaga Pamplona → Pampeluna Sevilla → Seville Zaragoza → Saragossa
Exonyms in Sudan	Bûr Sûdân or بور سودان → Port Sudan El Khartûm or الخرطوم → Khartoum
Exonyms in Sweden	Göteborg → Gothenburg
Exonyms in Switzerland	Basel → Basle Bern → Berne Genève → Geneva Zürich → Zurich
Exonyms in Syria	Al Lādhiqiyah or اللَاذِقِيَّة‎‎ → Latakia Dimashq or دمشق → Damascus Halab or ﺣﻠﺐ → Aleppo Hims or حمص → Homs
Exonyms in Taiwan	T’ai-pei or 臺北市 → Taipei
Exonyms in Thailand	Krung Thep → Bangkok
Exonyms in the Gaza Strip	غزة‎ or Ġazzah → Gaza
Exonyms in Turkey	Bursa → Prusa Gelibolu → Gallipoli İstanbul → Istanbul İzmir → Smyrna Kayseri → Caeserea Tekirdağ → Rodosto
Exonyms in Ukraine	Київ or Kiyev → Kiev Одеса or Odesa → Odessa
Exonyms in Uzbekistan	Buxoro or Бухоро → Bukhara Toškent or Тошкент → Tashkent
Exonyms in Vietnam	Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh → Ho Chi Minh City
Exonyms in Yemen	Al ’Adan or عدن‎ → Aden
Exonyms on the West Bank	أريحا or Arīḥā‎ → Jericho الخليل or al-Khalīl → Hebron بيت لحم‎ or Bayt Lahm‎ → Bethlehem

Every effort is made to keep this resource updated. If you find any errors, or have any questions or requests, please don't hesitate to contact the author.

All information copyright Graham Rhind 2024. Any information used should be acknowledged and referenced.